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        Johns HopkinsÂå°| (1889¦~¦¨¥ß) »P¨äºò¾FªºÂå¾Ç°|¦bµ²¦XÁ{§É¹ê°È»P±Ð¾Ç¡A¦bÂå¾Ç¤Wªº¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤§µo®i¤]¶}³Ð¤F¤@­Ó·s¬ö¤¸¡C´NJohns Hopkinsªº¨Ò¤l¦Ó¨¥¡AÂå°|¤]¬OÂå¾Ç°|ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¥Hµ²¦XÂå¾Ç°|ªº¼Ú¬w¤j«¬Âå°|¬°¼Ò½d¡AÂå°|¶}©l±Ð¾É¾Ç¥Í³Ì¦nªº¤èªk¨ÃÁA¸Ñ¦p¦ó·ÓÅ@¯f±w¡AÂå°|¨Ã§êºt¬ã¨s¯e¯f­ì¦]¡B³B²z»PªvÀøµ¥ª¾ÃѪº¤j«¬¹êÅç«Ç (Raffel 1980, 245)¡C±q1920¦~¥N°_¡A¥Ñ©óÂå¾Çªº±M·~¤Æ¨Ï±o¹ê²ßÂå®v»P¦í°|Âå®vÂX¼W¡A©Ò¥H¡AÂå°|ªº±Ð¾Ç¨¤¦â¬Æ¦ÜÅܱo§óÅãµÛ (Haglund and Dowling 1993,)¡C

 

        ¦b¹L¥hªº15¦~¶¡¡A·U¨Ó·U¦hªº«D¾÷ºc¦¡³]¬I¨Ï¥Î¨Ï¤@¨ÇÂå¾Ç±Ð¨|±q¦í°|ÂàÅܦ¨ªù¶E³¡ªù¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡AÂå°|¦bÂå®vªº°V½m¤W¤´Ä~Äò§êºt®Ö¤ßªº¨¤¦â¡A¦]¬°Å@²z¨¤¦â¦b§Þ³N¤WÅܱo·U¨Ó·Uºë±K½ÆÂø¡C©Ò¥H¡AÂå°|¤ºªºÅ@²z±Ð¨|¤]¤j¶qºt¤Æ¡A³o¤]¦P¼Ëµo¥Í¦b¨ä¥L³\¦hÂåÀø±M·~¤W (Williams 1995, 56, 57)¡C¹ê»Ú¤W¡A¹ï©ó©Ò¦³ÂåÀø±M·~¤H­ûªº°V½m»P«áÄò¸u¶±¡AÂå°|§êºt«D±`­«­nªº¨¤¦â¡C¥Ñ©ó²{¥NÁ{§É°V½m»P¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¶¡ªººò±KÃö«Y¡AÂåÀø¬ã¨s³q±`¬O±Ð¾ÇÂå°|ªºÁp¦X¾÷¯à¡A¹ï©ó¥ý¶iÂåÀøª¾ÃѪº½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¦Ó¨¥¡A±q´M¨D³o¨ÇÂå°|ÂåÀøªA°Èªº¯f±w¨­¤W¡A©Ò¨ú±oªº¤j¶qÁ{§É°O¿ý»PÂåÀøª¬ªp¥i»¡¬O¬Û·íÂ×´Iªº¸ê®Æ¡C

 

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¦]¬°¥L­Ì¬OÂåÀøªA°ÈÅé¨t¾÷ºcªº®Ö¤ß¡C³Ì²`¤Áªº§ïÅÜ´N¬O¦]¬°«eĺ©Ê»P½×¤H­p¶qµ¹¥I¤è¦¡¡A¥H¤ÎÄY®æªº¨Ï¥Î¼f®Ö¨î«×³y¦¨ªº¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¤j´T´î¤Ö¡C´î¤Ö«æ¶E¯f§Éªº¨Ï¥Î¨Ï±o³\¦hÂå°|ªÅ¥X¯f±w¦Ó¦³¶WÃBªº®e¶q¡C¤]¦]¦¹ÂåÀøªA°ÈÅé¨t¤¤ªº«æ¶E¦í°|ÂåÀø³¡ªù¦¨¬°³Ì¨S¦³§Q¼íªº³¡ªù¡C¹³³o¼Ë¹ï¬°¶Ç²ÎÂå°|®Ö¤ß·~°Èªº¥´À»¨Ï±oÂå°|¶}©l¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡A¨Ã´£¨Ñ³\¦h«D«æ¶E©ÊªA°È¡C¨Ò¦p¡Gªù¶E¤¤¤ß¡B©~®a·ÓÅ@¡Bªø´ÁÂåÀø¡B¦¸«æ¶EÂåÀø¡B¨ó§U¥Í¬¡¡B¥H¤Î¦í°|»Pªù¶E´_°·¡A¦b·í¦aªº¥«³õÀ£¤O«P¨Ï¤U³\¦hÂå°|¶}©l»P¨ä¥LÂå°|¾ã¦X¡C¾ã¦Xªº¤T¤jÃþ«¬ (²Ä¤E³¹±N¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú) ¤x³z¹L¨ÖÁÊ¡B««ª½¾ã¦X¡B¥H¤Î¥H«´¬ùñ­q¤è¦¡¶i¦æªººô¸ô°Ñ»P²£¥Í¡A³o¨Çµ¦²¤´£¨Ñ¯f±w¦³§ó¦h³~®|¨ú±o³sÄò©ÊªºÂåÀøªA°È¡A¥¦­Ì¤]§ïµ½®Ä²v¨Ã´î¤Ö¦¨¥» (AHA 1996)¡C

 

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        ¦bÂå°|Åܦ¨¥²­n©Êªº¦a¤èÂåÀø·~°ÈªþÄÝ«~®É¡CÂå°|¶}©l§Ö³t¦¨ªø¡A¥~¬ì¤u§@¶qªº¼W¥[¬O³y¦¨Âå°|¯f§ÉÂX±iªº¥D­n­ì¦]¡C¦Ó·s¼Wªº¯f§É¨Ï¥Î²v´X¥G´N¬O½T«O¯f§É±N¥þ³¡¨Ï¥Î¡A³oºØ²{¶H¨ÏMilton RoemerÁn©ú¡u¤@±i³]¦nªº¯f§É´N¬O¤@±i¤xº¡ªº¯f§É¡v¡C³o¤]¬O²³©Ò¬Òª¾ªºRoemer©w«ß (1961¦~RoemerµÛ§@)¡C¥~¬ìªº§Q¼í¨Ï±oÂå®v¦b¨S¦³¨ú±o¤Wµ¥¶¥¯Å¸ê§U¤U¦Ó¦¨¥ß¤p«¬Âå°|¡AÂå°|¼Æ¶q±q1872¦~ªº178¶¡ (35,604±i¯f§É) ¼W¥[¦Ü1909¦~ªº1872¶¡ (421,065±i¯f§É) ¨ì1929¦~®É¡A¦³6665¶¡Âå°|´£¨Ñ907,133±i¯f§É (Haglund and Dowling 1993)¡C

 

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±M·~¤ÆÅ@²zªºµo®i

        ¦b19¥@¬ö«á´Á¡AFlorence Nightingale¦³§U©ó«P¨Ï­^°êÅ@²zÂàÅܬ°²³©Ò¤½»{ªº±M·~ªA°È¡C­^°êNightingaleÅ@²z¾Ç®Õ¦¨¥ß«á¡A¬ü°êªºÅ@²z¾Ç®Õ¤]¦b¨©¦òÂå°| (¯Ã¬ù¥«) ¡B¯Ã«¢ªâÂå°| (±d¤D­}¦{¯Ã«¢ªâ¥«) ¡B³Â¦{ºî¦XÂå°| (ªi¤h¹y¥«) ¤º¦¨¥ß¡C¦bªvÀø»P¦]½Ã¥Í§ïµ½¦Ó¨Ï¯f±w·U¯à¦³®Ä«ì´_°·±d¡AÂå°|¾Ö¦³¨ü°VÅ@¤hªºÀuÂI´NÅܱo¬Û·íÅãµÛ (Haglund and Dowling 1993)¡C¥Ñ©ó³o¨Ç¶i¨B¡AÂå°|·U¨Ó·U³Q¤j®aµø¬°¤@­ÓªvÀø¤Î¦¬®e¤¤¤W¶¥¯Åªº³õ©Ò¡C

 

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¡@

¦]¦¹¡A¬ü°êÂå°|ªº¼Æ¶q±q1928¦~ªº6852¶¡´î¤Ö¦Ü1937¦~ªº6189¶¡¡C±µµÛ¨p¤HÂåÀø«OÀIªº¦¨ªø¦¨¬°«P¨Ï¤H­Ì´NÂå°|ªA°È¥I¶Oªº´C¤¶¡C«OÀI¸êª÷ªº¬y¦V¦³§U©óÂå°|¸êª÷«ì´_­ì¦³ªºÃ­©w¡A¥H¾ú¥vªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý«OÀI¤è®×´£¨Ñ¼e¸Îªº¦í°|ÂåÀø«OÀI½d³ò¡C¦]¦¹¡A¯f±w»PÂå®v¦b¿ï¾Ü¸û¶QªºÂå°|ªA°È®É´X¥G¨S¦³­­¨î (Feldstein 1971)¡C§ó­«­nªº¬O¦í°|ÂåÀøªº®Ö¥I¤èªk¦b¤Þ¶i¥Ø«e©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº«e¤©Ê»P½×¤H­p¹S®Ö¥I¾÷¨î¤§«e¡AÂå°|©Ò¯à¯Á¶Oªº¶µ¥Ø´X¥G¨S¦³¤°»ò­­¨î¡CÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¨Ì¾Ú¦¨¥»¥[¦¨°ò¦¨Óµ¹¥IÂå°|¡A³o«P¨ÏÂå°|§ó§Æ±æ¯f±w¦í°|ªvÀø¡A¦Ó¥B·U¤[·U¦n¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªº¨p¤H«OÀI¤è®×³£¤£¥D°Êµ¹¥IÂå°|©Ò­p¶Oªº¶µ¥Ø¡C

 

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        ¦b¸gÀÙ¤j¿½±ø¤Î²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô´Á¶¡¡A¤ñ¸û¨S¦³¶i¦æÂå°|«Ø³]¡A¦]¦¹¦b¾Ôª§µ²§ô«á°ê®a´NÄY­«µu¯ÊÂå°|¡C1946¦~ªºÂå°|½Õ¬d»P«Ø³]ªk®× (³q±`ºÙ§@Hill-Burtonªk®×) «P¨ÏÁp¨¹¬F©²±ÂÅv¦U¦{«Ø³]·sªºªÀ°ÏÂå°|¯f§É¡AÂå°|¤]¤£¦AÂk©óÁp¨¹¬F©²ªº±±ºÞ¡C³o¶µ¥ßªk³W©w¨C¤@¦{¨C¦~³£­nµo®i¨Ã§ó·s¯f§É»P¤H¤f¶¡ªº¤ñ¨Ò¡A¨Ã¨Ì¾Ú³o¶µ¤ñ¨Ò¶i¦æÂå°|³]¬I«Ø³]­p¹º¡A³o¨Ç­p¹º´N¬OÁp¨¹«Ø³]¸É§Uª÷¤À°tªº°ò¦ (Raffel 1980, 588)¡C1946¦~¡A¦b¾Ôª§µ²§ô«á¡A¨C1000¤H´N°t¦³3.2±iÂå°|¯f§É¡AHill-Burtonªº¥Ø¼Ð¬O¹F¨ì¨C1000¤H¦³4.5±i¯f§É (Teisberg et al. 1991)¡AHill-Burton­p¹º¦³§U©ó°ê¤º40%ªº¼È¦í©Êºî¦XÂå°|¯f§Éªº«Ø³]¡AHill-Burton­p¹º¤]¬O1950¦~¥N»P1960¦~¥N¶¡°ê¤º¯f§É¨Ñµ¹¶q¼W¥[ªº°ß¤@³Ì¤j¦]¯À (Haglund and Dowling 1993)¡CHill-Burton¨Ï§ó¤p§ó°¾»·ªºªÀ°Ï¦³¾÷·|¾Ö¦³¦Û¤vªºÂå°| (Wolfson and Hopes 1994)¡A§Y¨ÏHill-Burton­p¹º¦b1974¦~®É´N²×¤î¤F¡A¦ý¦b1980¦~®É¡A¬ü°ê¹F¨ì¨C1000¤H´N¦³4.5±iªÀ°ÏÂå°|¯f§Éªº¥Ø¼Ð (DHHS 2002)¡C

 

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        ¦b1980¦~¥N¤¤´Á¡AÂå°|¯f§Éªº¦¨ªø»P¨Ï¥Î¦³¤@­ÓÅãµÛªºÂà±ÊÂI¡C1985¦~¦b¤j´T´î¤Ö«á¡AªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº¼Æ¶q»P¯f§ÉªºÁ`¼Æ¶q¶}©l«ùÄò´î¤Ö (¹Ï8-3)¡C¬Û¸û©óÂå°|ªº¯f§É¼ÆÂå°|¼Æ¶q¤]¤j´T´î¤Ö¡A³o¨Ï±o¤p«¬Âå°|¬ÛÄ~Ãö³¬¡A¯S§O¬O¦b¶m§ø¦a°Ï¡C¦P®É¨C¶¡Âå°|ªº¥­§¡¯f§É¶q±q1980¦~ªº196±i¯f§É´î¤Ö¦Ü2000¦~ªº169±i¯f§É (DHHS, 2002, 279)¡C§Y¨Ï¦bÂå°|¼Æ¶q»P¯f§É¶q¤x¸g©w«¬¡A¦ý¬OÁY¤ôªº¯f§É¶q¦b¹ê»Ú¨Ï¥Î²v¤W¤]¤@¼Ë´î¤Ö¡CªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº¦û§É²v (¯f§É¦û¥Îªº¤ñ¨Ò) «h±q1980¦~ªº75.6%¤U­°¦Ü2000¦~ªº63.9%¡C¬Û¦P¦aªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ (ALOS) ¤]±q1980¦~ªº7.5¤Ñ¤U­°¦Ü2000¦~ªº4.9¤Ñ (DHHS, 2002, 253, 279)¡C¦bÂå°|¤º¤]µo¥Í±q¦í°|ÂàÅܦ¨ªù¶E¨Ï¥Îªº¤jÅÜ°Ê¡A¦b¹Ï8-4¤¤§Ú­Ì¥HÂå°|ªù¶E¬Ý¶E»P¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¶¡ªº¼W¥[¤ñ¨Ò¨Ó»¡©ú³oºØ±q¦í°|¨ìªù¶E¨Ï¥Îªº­«¤jÂàÅÜ¡C°£¤FÂå°|ªA°È¨Ï¥ÎªºÂàÅÜ¥~¡A°ê¤ºÂå°|ÂåÀø¤ä¥Xªº¤À¾á¤]«ùÄò´î¤Ö (ªí8-1)¡C§Ú­ÌµLªk¬Ý¥XÂå°|¬O§_¯à¥Hµo®iªù¶EªA°È¨ÓÀ±¸É¦í°|¦¬¤Jªº·l¥¢¡A¥D­n¬O¦]¬°»PÂå°|µLÃöªº·sªù¶EªA°È¤§µo®i¦Ó²£¥Í§ó¤jªºÄvª§©Ò³y¦¨¡A¦ý¬O¦b¥¼¨Ó§Ú­Ì¹w´Á¯à¬Ý¨ìÂå°|¦í°|¨Ï¥Îªº¦^¬K¡C¦]¬°¬ü°ê¤H¤f«ùÄò°ªÄ֤ơA¯S§O¬O¦bÀ¦¨à¼éªº¤@¥N¤H¤f°h¥ð®É¡A°ªÄ֤ƬOÂå°|¦í°|¨Ï¥ÎªºÃöÁä°Ê¤O¡C

 

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¨C1%¤§NHEªºÂå°|¤ä¥X                                            41.3%                    36.5%           34.7%           31.7%

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 2002, P. 291, National Center for Health Statistics

 

 

¦b°ê¤º©Ò¦³³W¼ÒªºÂå°|³£¤xÃö³¬ªþÄݾ÷ºc©Î±N³o¨Ç¯f§É§@¬°´À¥N©Ê¤§¨Ï¥Î¡C¨Ò¦p¡Gºë¯«¯fÂåÀø©Îªø´ÁÂåÀø¡C¦b1983¦~¡AÂåÀø«O°·°]°È§½ (HCFA) °w¹ï¶m§øÂå°|¨î©w¤@­Ó·n§É­p¹º¡C·n§É (Swing Bed) ¬O¨Ì¾Ú1980¦~ªººî¦X¹wºâ½Õ¸`ªk®×©Ò®Ö­ãªº­p¹º (¤½¦@ªk96499)¡A¦¹­p¹º¥i¨Ì»Ý­n¥H®Ö­ã¤p«¬¶m§øÂå°|¯f§É¦b«æ¶EÂåÀø»Pªø´ÁÂåÀø±M·~Å@²z³]¬I (SNF) ¤§¶¡Âà´«¨Ï¥Î¡A¥H«K¼W¥[¤p«¬¶m§øÂå°|ªºÃB¥~¦¬¤J¡C¦b2002¦~7¤ë¡AÂåÀø«OÀI»P³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºªA°È¤¤¤ß («e¨­ºÙ¬°HCFA) ¨Ì¾Ú²{¦æªºSNF PPS®Ö¥I¤è¦¡ (²Ä¤»³¹°Q½×) ´£¨ÑÂå°|·n§É¡AÅý³o¨ÇÂå°|²£¥Í§ó¤jªº°]°ÈÀ£¤O¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦b§V¤O¬@±Ï¤@¨Ç¤p«¬»P©t¥ßªº¶m§øÂå°|¤¤¡A¦¨¥ß©Ò¿×ªººò«æ¶i¤JÂå°| (Critical Access Hospital, CAH)¡A­YÂå°|¿ï¾ÜCAHª¬ºA¡A«h¥¦¥i¥H«ùÄò±qÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¤¤¨ú±o¥H¦¨¥»¬°°ò¦ªº®Ö¥I´Ú¶µ¡C

 

ºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀøªº¼vÅT

        ¦b1990¦~¥N¡AºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø¦¨¬°ÂàÅÜÂåÀøªA°ÈÅé¨tªº¤@ªÑ¼W±j¤O¶q¡AºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø±j½Õ¦¨¥»¹K¨î»P¦³®Ä¦a´£¨ÑªA°È¡C¥Ñ©ó¦í°|ÂåÀø¯S§O¦b«æ¶EÂåÀøÂå°|¤¤©Ò¥H¬O¬Û·í©ù¶Qªº¶µ¥Ø¡CºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀøµÛ­«©ó´À¥N©ÊªºÂåÀøªA°È³]¬I¡A¨Ò¦p¡Gªù¶EªvÀø¡B©~®a·ÓÅ@¡B¥H¤ÎÅ@²z¤§®aªº¨Ï¥Î¡C³o¨Ç±¹¬I¹ïÁY´î¦í°|ªA°Èªº¨Ï¥Î»PÁY¤p­Ó¤HÂå°|³W¼Ò³£¦³­«¤jªº¼vÅT¡A³o¤]ÃÒ©ú¥´¤JÂåÀø¥«³õªº°·±dºûÅ@²Õ´ (HMO) ¦b­°§CÂå°|Àò§Q¯à¤O¤W§êºt«D±`­«­nªº¨¤¦â (Clement and Grazier 2001)¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡AÂå°|¤]±Ä¦æ¾ã¦Xµ¦²¤¡A§V¤O¹ï§Ü³o¨Ç¥~³¡À£¤O¡C

 

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¥X°|

        ¨C1000¤Hªº¯f±w¥X°|Á`¤H¼Æ¡A¬O¨Ï¥ÎÂå°|¦í°|ªA°È¥H¤Î¨Ï¥Îµ{«×ªº¤@¶µ«ü¼Ð¡A¥Ñ©ó·s¥ÍÀ¦¨à¤£¥]§t¦b¤J°|¤H¼Æ¤¤¡A


¡@

©Ò¥H¥X°|¤H¼Æ¥i´£¨ÑÂå°|­pºâ§óºë½Tªº¯f±w¤H¼Æ¡C¥X°|¤H¼Æ¬O«ü¯f±w¦b¤@©w´Á¶¡¤ºÂ÷¶}Âå°|«æ¶E¯f§ÉªºÁ`¯f±w¤H¼Æ¡C¨C¤@¦í°|¤H¤fªº¥X°|¤H¼Æ¤ñ²v (ªí8-2) ¬O«D±`­«­nªº¡A¦]¬°¨ä¥Lªº¦í°|¨Ï¥Î¼Ò¦¡³£¨ú¨M©ó³o¶µ¤ñ²v¡C¨C1000¤H±qªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº¥X°|¤H¼Æ±q1990¦~ªº125.2´î¤Ö¦Ü2000¦~ªº114.9 (DHHS, 2002, 253)¡A¤ÏÀ³¥X¦í°|Âå°|ªº¨Ï¥Î²v¬Û·í§C¡C

 

ªí8-2       2000¦~¡A¨C1000¤H¦b¼È¦íÂå°|ªº¥X°|¤H¼Æ¡BÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ»P¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ

 

¯S©Ê                                 ¥X°|¤H¼Æ                 ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ                 ¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ

Á`­p                                            120.3                                            559.1                                            4.6

¦~ÄÖ

6·³¥H¤U                                     179.9                                            636.0                                            3.5

6·³¦Ü17·³                               26.5                                              126.3                                            4.8

18·³¦Ü44·³                             92.6                                              320.0                                            3.5

45·³¦Ü64·³                             123.1                                            550.9                                            4.5

65·³¦Ü74·³                             255.5                                            1,515.0                                         5.9

75·³¥H¤W                                   327.1                                            2,238.6                                         6.8

©Ê§O

¨k©Ê                                             94.2                                              344.2                                            4.6

¤k©Ê                                             116.4                                            397.3                                            3.4

ºØ±Ú

¥Õ¤H                                             79.9                                              423.0                                            5.3

¶Â¤H                                             104.6                                            800.3                                            7.7

³h½aª¬ºA

³h½a                                             171.5                                            808.9                                            4.7

ªñ¦ü³h½a                                    146.6                                            583.3                                            4.0

¤£³h½a                                        82.0                                              282.2                                            3.4

¦a²z°Ï°ì

ªF¥_³¡                                        83.3                                              327.1                                            3.9

¤¤¦è³¡                                        105.9                                            399.0                                            3.8

«n³¡                                             105.3                                            417.1                                            4.0

¦è³¡                                             78.5                                              269.9                                            3.8

¦í©Ò

³£¥«                                             91.1                                              358.3                                            3.9

¶m§ø                                             113.9                                            418.2                                            3.7

 

1.       ½Õ¾ã¦~ÄÖ

2.       ¦ì¦b¤j³£¥«²Î­p°Ï°ì¤º¤§¦í©Ò

3.       ¦ì¦b¤j³£¥«²Î­p°Ï°ì¥~¤§¦í©Ò

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 2002, P. 250-251, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 2002.


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¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ

        ¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ (Inpatient Day)  (¤]ºÙ§@¯f±w¤Ñ¼Æ©ÎÂå°|¤Ñ¼Æ) ¬O«ü®Ö­ã¤J°|¦¨¬°¦í°|¯f±w¦Ó«Ý¦bÂå°|©Òªá¶Oªº¹L©]®É¶¡¡C¦b¤@©w´Á¶¡©Ò²Ö­pªº¯f±w¤Ñ¼ÆºÙ¬°ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ (Days of Care)¡C¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¨C1000¤Hªº¤@¦~ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ¥i¤ÏÀ³¥X¨ú±o¦í°|ªA°Èªº®e©ö«×»P¨Ï¥Î²v¡C¦bÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ¨Ì¤H¤f²Î­p¯S©Ê¶i¦æ¤ñ¸û®É¡A«h·|²£¥Í¤@¨Ç¦³ÃöªA°È¨ú±o¤§®e©ö«×»P¨Ï¥Î²vªº¦³½ì¦]¯À (ªí8-2)¡C¬Û¸û©ó¦~»´¤H¡A¦Ñ¦~¤Hªá¶O§óªøªº®É¶¡«Ý¦bÂå°|¤º¡F¦Ó¬Û¸û©ó¨k©Ê¡A¦³§ó¦h¤k©Ê¤J°|ªvÀø¡A¦ý¬O¨k©Ê¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¤@¯ë³£¤ñ¸ûªø¡C¦b½Õ¾ã18·³¥H¤W¤k©Êªº¤À®Y¦]¯À«á¡A¤k©ÊªºÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ«h¤ñ¨k©Ê¤Ö (¹Ï8-5) ¡F¬Û¸û©ó¥Õ¤H¡A¶Â¤H¦³§ó°ªªº¦í°|ªvÀø¤ñ¨Ò¡F¦P®ÉªÀ·|¸gÀÙª¬ªp¸û®tªº¤H¤ñ´I¸Îªº¤H¤]¦³¸û°ªªº¦í°|ªvÀø¤ñ¨Ò¡A³o¬O¦]¬°¸û³h½aªº¤H¤f±Ú¸s³q±`¤ñ¸û¤£®e©ö¨ú±o¨Ò¦æ©Êªº°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°È¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L­Ì´N·U¥i¯àµo¥Í«æ¶Eªº±¡ªp¡A¦]¦Ó·U±`¦í°|ªvÀø¡A¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¤]·|·Uªø¡C¦b¬ü°ê¦è¥b³¡¡AÂå°|ªº¨Ï¥Î²v¬Û¸û©ó¨ä¥L¦a°ÏÅã±o«Ü§C¡CºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø¥«³õ¦û¦³²v°ª¬O¾É­P¨Ï¥Î²v§Cªº¥D­n­ì¦]¡A¬Û¸û©ó³£¥«¦a°Ï¡A¶m§ø¦a°Ïªº¨Ï¥Îµ{«×¤ñ¸û°ª¡A¨Ï¥Îªº¼Ò¦¡¤]»¡©ú¤F¦bÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º»P³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºªº°Ñ¥[ªÌ¨Ï¥Î¾ãÅéÂå°|ªº¤ñ²v¤ñ¨ä¥L¤H¤f°ª¡C

 

¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ

        ¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ (Average Length of Stay, ALOS) ¬O±NÁ`ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ°£¥HÁ`¥X°|¤H¼Æ©Ò­pºâ¥X¨Óªº¡C

 

 

¹Ï8-5      2000¦~¡A¨C1000¤Hªº«DÁp¨¹¼È¯dÂå°|¨Ï¥Î²v (°w¹ï18·³¥H¤W¤§¦¨¤H¡A¤£§t¤À®Y¤§¨Ï¥Î)

 

ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ»P¥X°|

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ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ (¨C1000¤H) /¥X°|¤H¼Æ (¨C1000¤H) /¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ (¥H¤é­p)

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G¥»®Ñ§@ªÌ¨Ì¾ÚHealth, United States, 2002, PP. 256, 257, 259, 260ªº¼Æ¦r½s»s¥»¹Ï


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³o¤]¥i¥Î¨Ó¿Å¶q¯f±w¥­§¡ªá¶O¦bÂå°|ªº¤Ñ¼Æ¡C³oºØ¿Å¶q¤èªkÀ³¥Î¦b­Ó¤H©Î¯S©w¯f±w±Ú¸s¬O¯e¯fÄY­«©Êªº«ü¼Ð¡C°²³]ÂåÀø¸ê·½¥þ¥Î¦b¯f±w¨C¤é©Ò«ÝªºÂå°|¯f§É¤W®É¡A¥¦¤]¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¥Î¦b¯S©w¯f±wÃþ«¬ªº¥­§¡¦í°|¸ê·½¡C¦b2000¦~¡A¬ü°êªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªºALOS´î¤Ö¦Ü4.9¤Ñ¬°³Ì§Cªº°O¿ý¡Aªí8-2»¡©ú¥H¼ÆºØ¯f±w¯S©Ê¬°¥DªºALOS¡C¹Ï8-6«h»¡©ú¨Ì¾ÚÂå°|©Ò¦³ÅvÃþ«¬¨Ó°Ï¤Àªº¥Ø«eALOSÁͶաA¹Ï8-7«h»¡©ú1970¦~¦Ü2000¦~¶¡ALOSªº¤U­°ÁͶաCPPS¹ïALOS¤§¤U­°¦³ÅãµÛªº¼vÅT¡A±µµÛ¬O1990¦~¥NºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀøªº¼vÅT¡A¦b1990¦~¥N¤¤¡A¦]¬°¦³´À¥N©ÊªA°Èªº¦s¦b¡C¨Ò¦p¡G«P¨Ï¤H­Ì´£¦­¥X°|ªº©~®a·ÓÅ@»P¦¸«æ©Êªø´ÁÂåÀø¡A¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ´N¦³¥i¯à¤j´T¤U­°¡A¥Ñ©ó³o¨ÇÂåÀøªº´À¥N©Ê³]¬I»P°ª¬ì§Þªºµo®i¡A¦bPPS©ÎºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀøµ¹¥I¨î«×¤U¡A´N¤£·|¦Aµo¥Í¦]ÂåÀø¹ï¯f±w³y¦¨¶Ë®`¦Ó¨Ï¯f±w´£¦­¥X°|ªº¨Æ±¡¡C

 

Âå°|³W¼Ò

        Âå°|ªº³W¼Ò©Î®e¶q¬O¨Ì¾ÚÂå°|ªº¯f§É¼Æ¥H¤Î¬°¦í°|¯f±w°t¸mªº¤H­û¼Æ¨Ó¨M©wªº¡C84%ªº¬ü°êªÀ°ÏÂå°|¯f§É¼Æ¤Ö©ó300±i¯f§É (¹Ï8-8)¡CªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº¥­§¡³W¼Ò¬°168±i¯f§É¡A³o­Ó¥­§¡¼Æ±q1995¦~°_´N¤@ª½«O«ù©T©w¡C¥H¥þ°ê¦Ó¨¥¨å«¬ªº¶m§øÂå°|¦³65±i¯f§É¡A¦Ó³£¥«Âå°|«h¦³231±i¯f§É (§@ªÌ°Î¦W 2002)¡C

 

 

¹Ï8-6       1993¦~¦Ü2000¦~¡A¥HÂå°|©Ò¦³Åv°Ï¤Àªº¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ

 

¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ (¥H¤é­p)

Áp¨¹¬F©²/·í¦a¬F©²/§Ó©Ê/¨pÀç

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 2002, P. 265, US Department of Health and Human Services; Health, United States, 1999, P. 259, US Department of Health and Human Services.


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¹Ï8-7       ¥þ¬ü°êªÀ°ÏÂå°|¥­§¡¦í°|¤Ñ¼ÆªºÅÜ°Ê

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHospital Statistics 1999, P. 2, © American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics 2002, P. 4, Health Forum.

 

 

¥­§¡¨C¤é²Î­p¼Æ

        Âå°|¨C¤é¦û¥Îªº¥­§¡¯f§É¼ÆºÙ§@¥­§¡¨C¤é²Î­p¼Æ (Average Daily Census)¡C³oºØ´ú¶q¤èªk¥i¦ôºâÂå°|¨C¤é±µ¨üÂåÀøªº¦í°|¯f±w¤H¼Æ¡A³o¬O¤@ºØµû¦ôÂå°|¦í°|¯f§É¦û§É²v±`¥Îªº¤èªk¡C

 

 

¹Ï8-8       2000¦~¡A¥H³W¼Ò°Ï¤ÀªºªÀ°ÏÂå°|¤ÀÃþ

 

Á`­p¯f§É¼Æ

100-299±i¯f§É/25-99±i¯f§É/6-24±i¯f§É/500±i¯f§É¥H¤W/300-499±i¯f§É

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 2002, P. 279, National Center for Health Statistics, US Department of Health and Human Services.


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Âå°|¦b¯S©w´Á¶¡ (ÂåÀø¤Ñ¼Æ) ªºÁ`¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ°£¥H¬Û¦P´Á¶¡ªº¤Ñ¼Æ¡A¨ú±o¥­§¡¨C¤é²Î­p¼Æ¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A­Y7¤ë®ÉªºÁ`¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¬°3131¤Ñ¡A«h7¤ëªº¥­§¡¨C¤é²Î­p¼Æ¬°101 (3131¡Ò31)¡C

 

¦û§É²v

        ¦û§É²v (Occupancy Rate) ¬O¦b«ü¯S©w´Á¶¡¤º¡A¥­§¡¨C¤é²Î­p¼Æ°£¥H¯f§É¼Æ (®e¶q) ©Ò±o¥Xªº¤ñ²v¡A¥H¦Ê¤À¤ñ¨Óªí¥Ü (¦û¥Î¯f§Éªº¤ñ¨Ò)¡A¥¦¥i»¡©úÂå°|¹ê»Ú¨Ï¥ÎªºÁ`¦í°|®e¶q¤§¤ñ¨Ò¡C¦û§É²v¤]±`¥Î¦b¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªº¦í°|³]¬I¤W¡A¨Ò¦p¡GÅ@²z¤§®a¥¦¤]¥i¨Ó§@¬°ÁZ®Ä¤§´ú¶q¤èªk¡C¦bÄvª§ªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¤@¯ë¤H·|»{¬°¡A¦³¸û°ª¦û§É²vªº³]¬I¤ñ°_¨º¨Ç¾Ö¦³¸û§C¦û§É²vªº³]¬I¾Ö¦³§ó¦nªº³]¬I¡C¹Ï8-9»¡©ú1960¦~¦Ü2000¦~¶¡¬ü°êªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªº²Ö­p¦û§É²v¤§ÅÜ°Ê¡C±q1980¦~°_¡A¦]ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºPPS®Ö¥I»P±K¶°ºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø¡A¨Ï¥ÎºÞ²z²Õ¦X¨Ï¦û§É²v¦³¤j´T¤U­°ªºÁͶաC

 

Âå°|´N·~

        ¦b1983¦~¦Ü1986¦~¶¡ªºÂå°|´N·~¤H¤f´î¤Ö¤F2.3%¡A¤j¬ù¬O4¦Ê¸U¤H¡C¤H­ûÁY´î¡B¸u¶±­áµ²¡B¥H¤Î«´¬ùªA°È¨Ï¥Îªº¼W¥[³£¬O°w¹ï¦í°|¤H¼Æ¤U·Æ¦Ó¤ÏÀ³ªº¸`¬ù§V¤O (Kahl and Clark 1986)¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦bÂå°|´M¨Dªù¶E¥«³õ¤º§ó¦Û¥Ñªº®Ö¥I¤è¦¡®É¡A1989¦~®É¡AÂå°|´N·~¤H¤f¼W¥[¦Ü4,300,000¤H¡A¼W¥[¤F6.9% (Anderson and Wooton 1991)¡A¥Ñ©óÂå°|¸u¥Î§ó¦h¤H­û¡A¦Ó¨Ï³oºØÁͶիùÄò¤É°ª¡C

 

 

¹Ï8-9       ªÀ°ÏÂå°|¦û§É²v (¦û¥Î¯f§É¤§¤ñ¨Ò) ªºÅÜ°Ê

 

¦û¥Î¯f§É¤ñ¨Ò

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 1995, P. 231; Health, United States, 1996-97, P. 243; Health, United States, 2002, P. 279, National Center for Health Statistics.


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¦b1996¦~¦Ü2001¦~¶¡¡AÂå°|´N·~¤j¬ù¦¨ªø¤F3% (DHHS, 2002, 269)¡A¦ý¬O¡A¦b¥¼¨Ó10¦~¡A§Ú­Ì¹w´ú¦¨ªø·|§ó§Ö³t (US Census Bureau 2002, 386)¡C

 

        ¦b±Nªñ1,200¸U­Ó¬ü°êÂåÀø¤u§@¤¤¡A¬ù¦³45%¬O¦bÂå°|¤º¡A¦b2001¦~®É¡AÂå°|´N·~¤H¤fÁ`­p¦³520¸U¤H¡A¦û¬ü°ê´N·~¤H¤f (¥þ¾©Î­Ý¾) ªº4% (DHHS, 2002, 269)¡C¦b©Ò¦³ÂåÀøªA°È³]¬I¤¤¡AÂå°|ªº¥­§¡¨C¤p®É¤u¸ê³Ì°ª¡C¦b2001¦~Âå°|ªº«DºÞ²z³Ò¤uªº¥­§¡¨C¤p®É¤u¸ê¬°17.45¬ü¤¸¡A¬Û¸û©ó©Ò¦³ÂåÀøªA°È³Ò¤uªº15.49¬ü¤¸¤§¤u¸ê (US Census Bureau 2002, 396)¡C

 

        ¨C±i¦û¥Î¯f§É©Ò°t¸mªº¤H­û¤ñ¨Ò³vº¥¼W¥[¡Cªí8-3»¡©ú¥H¦h©ÒÂå°|Åé¨t (¨â®a©Î¥H¤WÂå°|ªº³sÂê) ªþÄݳ]¬Iªº¿ï©w¤H­û¤ÀÃþ¨Ó°Ï¤À¡A¨C±i¦û¥Î¯f§É°t¸mªº¬ù·í¥þ¾¤H­û¸ê®Æ¡A¬Û¸û©ó¨ä¥L¤x¶}µo°ê®a¡C¬ü°êÂå°|ªº¤H­û°t¸m¦h¥X«Ü¦h¡A¤Ï±`ÁöµM¬ü°êÂå°|´£¨Ñ¯f±w¸ê·½§ó±K¶°ªºªvÀøªA°È¡A¦ý¬O«~½è¦¨®Ä«o¨S¦³©úÅã¦a¤ñ¸û°ª (Reinhardt 2002)¡C

 

Âå°|Ãþ«¬

        ¦b¨ú¥N¦{¬F©²ºÞÁÒªº¶°¤¤¦¡Âå°|Åé¨t¤U¡A¬ü°ê¦³¦UºØÂåÀø¾÷ºc§Î¦¡¡A¦³¿W¥ßºÞ²zªº¨p¤H»P¬F©²©ÒÄݾ÷ºc¡A¤j³¡¤ÀªºÂå°|³£ÄÝ©ó§ÓÄ@©Ê¡B«DÀç§Q¡B¼È¯d«¬ªººî¦XÂå°|¡A¦{¬F©²»P¦a¤è¬F©²©ÒºÞÁÒ¤§Âå°|«h¬O²Ä¤G¤jÃþ«¬ªºÂå°|¡C¦A¨Ó«h¬OÀç§Q (§ë¸êªÌ©Ò¦³) Âå°|¡A³Ì«á«h¬OÁp¨¹Âå°| (¹Ï8-10)¡AµL­­Ãþ«¬ªºÂå°|¯S©Ê±Æ©Ú¥ô¦ó³æ¤@ªº¤ÀÃþ¡C¤U¦Cªº¤ÀÃþ¤è¦¡±`¥Î¦b°Ï¤À¦UºØÂå°|Ãþ«¬ªº®t§O¡A¦ý¬O¡A½Ð¦í³o¨Ç¤À¨Ã¤£¬O¤¬¬Û±Æ°£¡C

 

 

ªí8-3       ¨C±i¦û¥Î¯f§É©Ò°t¸mªº¬ù·í¥þ¾¤H­û¼Æ (FTE)

 

                                                                ¦h©ÒÂå°|Åé¨t                          ¿W¥ßÂå°|

                                                                           1995¦~        2000¦~                             1995¦~        2000¦~

ÂåÅ@¤H­û»P¦í°|Âå®v                              0.48               0.63                                    0.75              0.92

RN»PLPN                                                       2.19              2.54                                    2.30              30.7

RN¹ïLPN¤§¤ñ²v                                         4.6                4.5                                      3.0                2.9

¨ä¥L¤H­û                                                         5.09              5.89                                    5.54              8.00

Á`­p¤H­û¼Æ                                                     7.76              9.06                                    8.59              11.99

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GManaged Care Digest Series: Institutional Digest, 1998, Hoechst Marion Roussel; SMG Marketing-Verispon LLC, 2002¡Aºô§}¡Gwww.managedcaredigest.com


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¹Ï8-10     2000¦~¡A¥HÂå°|Ãþ«¬°Ï¤Àªº¬ü°ê©Ò¦³Âå°|¤ñ¨Ò

 

¨p¤H«DÀç§Q (§ÓÄ@©Ê) /¨ä¥L«DÁp¨¹/Áp¨¹/¨p¤HÀç§Q/¦{¬F©²»P·í¦a¬F©²

 

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United States, 2002, P. 279, National Center for Health Statistics.

 

 

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        ¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¡A¦b±ÏÀÙ©Ò»P¹jÂ÷¯f°|ºt¤Æ¦¨´£¨ÑÂåÀøªA°ÈªºÂå°|®É¡A¤½¥ßÂå°|¬O³Ì¦­¥X²{ªºÂå°|¡C¤½¥ßÂå°| (Public Hospital) ¬O¥ÑÁp¨¹¡B¦{©Î¦a¤è¬F©²¾÷ºc©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºÂå°|¡C§Ú­Ì¶·ª`·Nªº¬O¦bÂåÀø¤¤¡u¤½®a¡v¤§¦Wµü¨Ã¨S¦³¥­±`ªº§t¸q¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¤½¥ßÂå°|¤£¤@©w¬O¶}©ñµ¹¤@¯ë¤j²³ªºÂå°|¡A¦b°Ó·~¤W¡A¤½®a¥ø·~¬O«ü¤½¶}¥æ©ö¤½¥qªÑ²¼¥H§l¤Þ¨p¤H§ë¸êªÌªº¥ø·~¡C¦bÂåÀø¤W¯S§O¬O¬ü°ê¡u¤½®a¡v¦Wµü·N¿×¬F©²©Ò¦³Åv¡C

 

        Áp¨¹Âå°|ªºÀç¹B¥D­n¬O°w¹ï¯S©wªºÁp¨¹¨ü¯q¤H±Ú¸s¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¦L²Ä¦w¤H¡B­x¤H»P°h¥î­x¤H¡CÁp¨¹Âå°|¤£¬O´£¨Ñ¤@¯ë¤j²³ªA°ÈªºÂå°|¡A°h°£伇­x¤H (VA) Âå°|¬OÁp¨¹Âå°|¤¤³Ì¤jªº¹ÎÅé¡C¦{¬F©²«h°w¹ïºë¯«¯f¯f°|»Pµ²®Ö¯f°|ªºÀç¹B±Ä¦æ¤@¨Ç­­¨î¡A³o¤ÏÀ³¥X¬F©²¦­´Á¥H¹jÂ÷ºë¯«¯e¯f»P¶Ç¬V¯f±wªÌ¨Ó«OÅ@ªÀ°Ïªº¨¤¦â¡C¦b¹L¥h´X¦~¶¡¡A¦{¥ßºë¯«¯f°|ªº¼Æ¶q¦³©úÅã¦a´î¤Ö¡A³o¬O¦]¬°°¾¦n¤£­n¦í°|ªº¬Fµ¦¥H¤Îºë¯«²§±`ÃĪ«ªvÀøªº«K§Q©Ê©Ò³y¦¨ (Wolper and Pena 1995)¡C¦a¤è¬F©² (¨Ò¦p¡G¿¤¥«) «h¸gÀç¶}©ñµ¹¤@¯ë¤j²³ªºÂå°|¡A


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³\¦h¦a¤è¬F©²©Ò¸gÀ礧Âå°|³£¬O¦ì¦b¤j³£·|¦a°Ï¡A¥D­n¬O´£¨Ñ³h¥Á°Ï¤º³h¥Á»P®z¶Õ¤H¤fÂåÀøªA°È¡AÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¡B³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¡B¥H¤Î¦{»P¦a¤èµ|¦¬°w¹ï³o¨ÇÂå°|©Ò´£¨ÑªºªA°Èµ¹¥I¤F80% (Safety net in shreds 2002)¡C¥H¥þ°ê¨¤«×¦Ó¨¥¡A¤½¥ßÂå°|©Ò´£¨Ñªº«D¸ÉÀv©Ê («D®Ö¥I¦¡) ÂåÀø¬ù¦û©Ò¦³«D¸ÉÀv©ÊÂåÀøªº1/3 (Iglehart 1999)¡A¬Û¸û©ó¨p¤HÂå°|¡A³o¨Ç¦]¯À¹ï¤½¥ßÂå°|ªº§C·L¦¬¤J»PÀç¹B§Q¼í¦³­«¤jªº¼vÅT¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b2000¦~®É¡A¦³±Nªñ¤@¥b¬ü°ê¤½¥ßÂå°|ªº°]°È¬ÒÁ«·l (§@ªÌ°Î¦W 2002)¡A¥Ñ©ó°]°ÈÀ£¤O·U¨Ó·U¤j¡A³\¦h¤½¥ßÂå°|¥²¶·¥ÁÀç¤Æ©ÎÃö³¬¡C©Ò¥H¦{¬F©²»P¦a¤è¬F©²©ÒÄݪºªÀ°ÏÂå°|¼Æ¶q±q1990¦~ªº1444¶¡´î¤Ö¦Ü2000¦~ªº1163¶¡¡A´î¤Ö¤F¬ù20%¡C«DªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªºÁp¨¹Âå°|¼Æ¶q¤]±q1990¦~ªº337¶¡´î¤Ö¦Ü2000¦~ªº245¶¡¡A¤U·Æ¤F¬ù27% (DHHS 2002¡A279)¡A³o¥D­n¬O¦]¬°¬_ªL¹y¬F©²®É¥N­x¨ÆÂå°|Ãö³¬©Ò³y¦¨ªº¡C¤j³¡¤À¥Ñ¥«¬F©²©Î°p¬F©²©ÒÀç¹BªºÂå°|³£¬O¤p«¬©Î¤¤«¬³W¼Ò (¥­§¡¦³112±i¯f§É)¡A¦³¨Ç¤j«¬¤½¥ßÂå°|«h¬OÂå¾Ç°|ªþÄݾ÷ºc¡A¥¦­Ì¦b°V½mÂå®v»P¨ä¥L±M·~ÂåÀø¤H­û¤W§êºt«D±`­«­nªº¨¤¦â¡C

 

        ¬Û¸û©ó§ÓÄ@©Ê»P¨pÀçÂå°|¡A¤½¥ßÂå°|¦³¸û°ªªº¨Ï¥Î²v¡A¯S§O´NALOS¤è­±¡C¦b2000¦~¦{¬F©²»P¦a¤è¬F©²Âå°|ªº¥þ°ê©ÊALOS¤ñ¨ä¥LªÀ°ÏÂå°|ÁÙ­n°ª¥X16%¡AÁp¨¹Âå°|ªºALOS¬O³Ì°ª¡A2000¦~®É¡AÁp¨¹Âå°|ªºALOS¤ñ«DÁp¨¹Âå°|°ª¥X94% (½Ð°Ñ¾\¹Ï8-6)¡C¼vÅT³o¶µÅܰʪº¤@¶µ¥D­n­ì¦]¬O°h¥î¤H¤f¤¤ªº¦Ñ¦~¤H¼Æ¼W¥[¡A°h¥î­x¤Hªº¥­§¡¦~ÄÖ¹w¦ô±q1995¦~ªº57.1·³¼W¥[¦Ü2010¦~ªº62.2·³¡C§Y¨Ï¦b¦P¤@´Á¶¡¤º°h¥î¤H¤f¹w´Á±q2,610¸U¤H´î¤Ö¦Ü2,000¸U¤H¡A´î¤Ö¤F23%¡A¦ýVAÂåÀøªA°Èªº°h伇¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤H¼Æ¤´¹w­p·|¼W¥[17%¡C³o¬O¦]¬°¤ñ°_¦~»´¤H¡A¦Ñ¦~¤H¦í°|ªvÀøªº¦¸¼Æ¸û¦h¡A¦Ó¦í°|´Á¶¡¤]¸ûªø (Department of Veterans Affairs 1997)¡C

 

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        §ÓÄ@©ÊÂå°| (Voluntary Hospital) ¬O«D¬F©²¤]¬O¥H«DÀç§Q¬°¥Dªº¨pÀçÂå°|¡C¥¦­Ì¬O¥ÑªÀ°Ï¨ó·|¡B©Î¨ä¥L«D¬F©²²Õ´©Ò¾Ö¦³¤ÎÀç¹Bªº¡A¥Ñ©ó³o¨ÇÂå°|ªº¦¨¥ß»P°]°È¤ä´©³£¬O¥ÑµL¬F©²Ãö«Yªº¤½¥Á§ÓÄ@©Ê¥h¶i¦æ¡A©Ò¥H³o¨ÇÂå°|ºÙ§@§ÓÄ@©ÊÂå°| ( Raffel and Raffel 1994, 130)¡C¥L­Ì¥D­nªº¥ô°È¬O¦b³yºÖ©Ò¦b¦a¤ºªºªÀ°Ï¡A¥L­ÌªºÀç¹B¶O¥Î¬O¥H¯f±w¶O¥Î¡B²Ä¤T¤è®Ö¥I¡B®½´Ú»P®½Ãج°¥D¡A¨p¤H«DÀç§Q³¡ªù«h¬OÂå°|¤¤³Ì¤jªº¹ÎÅé (¹Ï8-10)¡A¦b2000¦~®É¡A¨p¤H«DÀç§Q³¡ªù¬ù¦û©Ò¦³Âå°|ªº52% (¥­§¡¬°194±i¯f§É)¡A¦P®É¡A¬ù¦û©Ò¦³¯f§Éªº60% (DHHS 2000, 279)¡C

 

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 (¬ìù©Ô¦h¦{¤¦¦ò¥«)                        64                            11,126                                49.4%           8.2

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 (¥[¦{ª÷¤s¥«)                                           37                            9,144                                  55.5%           7.3

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¤T¤@ÂåÀø·ÓÅ@ (±K¦è®Ú¦{¿Õºû¥«) 35                            7,711                                  56.0%           6.2

³Í¼»¥Ã«í (¥[¦{¶ø§JÄõ¥«)               29                            7,443                                  50.3%           3.7

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 («X¥è«X¦{¨¯¨¯¨º´£¥«)                        23                             5,313                                  47.7%           4.6

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HCA (¥Ð¯Ç¦è¦{¨º§Æºûº¸¥«)                      166                          34,605                                53.7%           4.9

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 (¥Ð¯Ç¦è¦{¥¬µÜµn¤ì¥«)                         58                           5,487                                  42.5%           5.4

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 (¯Ã¬ù¦{¯Ã¬ù¥«)                                             9                          4,782                                  83.9%         8.0

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 (¥[¦{¬¥§üÁF¥«)                                             5                          2,987                                  52.5%           7.6

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 (¸ô©ö´µ¦w¨º¦{¤Ú¹y¾|ªv¥«)                      10                          1,665                                  61.0%           5.9

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GManaged Care digest Series: Institutional Digest, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, © 2002, www.managedcaredigest.com


¡@

³o¨ÇÂå°|¬O¬°¤F¾Ö¦³³o¨Ç¾÷ºcªº¹êÅé (¤]´N¬OªÑªF) ¤§°]°È§Q¯q¦ÓÀç¹B¡C¦b20¥@¬öªì´Á¡A¶W¹L¤@¥bªº°ê¤ºÂå°|³£¬O¨pÀçÂå°|¡A¤j³¡¥÷ªºÂå°|³£¬O¤p«¬Âå°|¡A³o¨ÇÂå°|·Q­n¾Ö¦³¤@­Ó¥i´£¨Ñ¦Û¤v¯f±w±µ¨ü¦í°|ªvÀøªº³õ©Ò (Stewart 1973)¡C«á¨Ó¦]¬°¤H¤fÂàÅÜ¡B¦¨¥»¼W¥[»P²{¥NÁ{§É¹ê°Èªº¥²­n©Ê¡A³o¨ÇÂå°|¦h¥bÃö³¬©ÎªÌ¥ÑªÀ°Ï²Õ´©ÎÂå°|¥ø·~¨ÖÁÊ (Raffel and Raffel 1974, 133)¡CÁöµM¦b1990¦~¦Ü2000¦~¶¡¡A¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªºÂå°|¼Æ¶q´î¤Ö¡B³W¼ÒÁY´î¡A¦ý¬O¨pÀçÂå°|ªº¦í°|¯f§É¼Æ»P¦û§É²v«o¼W¥[¡A¦Ó¬Û¸û©ó¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªº©Ò¦³Åv¡A¨pÀçÂå°|¤@ª½¾Ö¦³³Ì§Cªº¦û§É²v (2000¦~®É¬°56%)  (DHHS 2002, 279)¡C

 

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¦b¤G®a©Î¥H¤WÂå°|¥Ñ¶°¤¤²Õ´©Ò¾Ö¦³¡B¯²­É¡BÃÙ§U©Î«´¬ùºÞ²z®É¡AÂå°|«hÁõÄÝ©ó¦h©ÒÂå°|³sÂê (AHA 1994)¡C¹L¥h´X¦~¨Ó¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ³Ì­«­nªºÁͶաA´N¬O¤j«¬§ë¸ê¤H©Ò¾Ö¦³¤§¥ø·~«Ø¥ß©Î¨ÖÁʳ\¦hÂå°|¡A¨Ã¦¨¥ß¦h³æ¦ìªºÀç§QÂå°|³sÂê¡Cªí8-4¨Ì¾Ú³W¼Ò¦C¥X³o¨ÇÂå°|³sÂꤤ³Ì¤jªº³sÂê¡AÁöµM§ë¸ê¤H©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº¹ÎÅ饴¤J¦h©ÒÂå°|³sÂê¡A¦ý¤j³¡¥÷ªºÅé¨t³£¬O¥Ñ«DÀç§Q¥ø·~©ÒÀç¹B (ªí8-5)¡C¦h©ÒÂå°|³sÂêÁp·ùªº¤@¨ÇÀu¶Õ¥]¬A¡G¦æ¬FºÞ²z¶O¥Îªº³W¼Ò¸gÀÙ¡B´£¨Ñ¦hºØÂåÀøªA°Èªº¯à¤O¡B¶i¤J¸ê¥»¥«³õ³~®|ªº¼W¥[ (Snook 1995)¡C

 

        VA¸gÀç°ê¤º°ß¤@ªº³Ì¤jÂå°|Åé¨t¡A¾Ö¦³172­ÓÁp¨¹¬F©²©ÒºÞÁÒªºÂåÀø¤¤¤ß¡C¦b2001¦~®É¡A°h¥î­x¤HÂåÀøÅé¨t¦b«æ¶E¯f§ÉªvÀø¤F439,000¦ì¯f±w¡A¤j¬ù¬O6.7¤ÑªºALOS (Department of Veterans Affairs 2002)¡C

 

 

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¤Ñ¥D±Ð±Ð°ó¬ÛÃö                              45                     560                   113,272             20.0

¨ä¥L±Ð°ó¬ÛÃö                                  11                     102                   19,909              3.5

Á`­p±Ð°ó¬ÛÃö                                56                662              130,525         23.0

¨ä¥L«DÀç§Q                                     195                   1115                 243,138             42.9

Á`­p«DÀç§Q                             251              1777                   376,319         66.4

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Áp¨¹¬F©²©Ò¦³                                  5                      250                   53,520              9.4

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        ­È±oª`·Nªº¬O¡uºî¦XÂå°|¡v¤@µü¨Ã¤£¥Nªí³o¨ÇÂå°|¤ñ¸û¤£±M·~©ÎªÌ¥L­ÌªºÂåÀø·ÓÅ@¤£¦p±M¬ìÂå°|ªºÂåÀø·ÓÅ@¡C¨ä¹ê¨âªÌ¶¡ªº®t§O¨ú¨M©óªA°Èªº©Ê½è¦Ó«D«~½è¡Aºî¦XÂå°|¥i°w¹ï§ó¦hºØªº¯e¯f´£¨Ñ§ó¼sªxªºªA°È¶µ¥Ø¡A¦Ó±M¬ìÂå°|«h¬O°w¹ï¯S©wªºÂåÀø±¡§Î©Î¯f±w¤H¤f´£¨Ñºë±KªºªA°È¶µ¥Ø¡C

 

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        ±M¬ìÂå°| (Specialty Hospital) ¥´³y»P²³¤£¦PªºªA°È¡A¥L­Ì¶ÈÅý¯S©wÃþ«¬ªº¯f±w©ÎªÌ±w¦³¯S©w¯e¯f©Î¯gª¬ªº¯f±w¤J°| (Rakich et al. 1992, 261)¡C±M¬ìÂå°|¥]¬A¡Gºë¯«¯f°|¡B´_°·Âå°|¡Bµ²®Ö¯f°|»P¨àµ£Âå°|¡C¦b·U¨Ó·UÄvª§ªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªº±M¬ìÂå°|¤]²£¥Í¡A¨Ã´£¨Ñ³\¦hºî¦XÂå°|¤]¦³´£¨ÑªºªvÀø¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¾ã§Î¥~¬ì»P¤ßŦ¯f¬ì¡AÂå®vµo²{³oÃþªº±M¬ìÂå°|§ó¨ã®Ä²v¡A¥[¤J³oÃþªº±M¬ìÂå°|¥NªíµÛ´X¥G¨S¦³ÀH®É«Ý©Rªº¥i¯à¡A¦P®É¡A¤]¦³§ó¦h¾÷·|¥i§ë¤JÀç¹B¡C¦ý¦bÂå®v¦ÛÀ窺³]¬I¤Þµo¦b¨S¦³¥R¤À´¦ÅS¤U¦Û§ÚÂà¶Eªº¬ÛÃöªk«ßijÃD¡A¦ÓÁp¨¹ªk«ß©Ò©ú¤å¸T¤î³oºØ¦Û§ÚÂà¶E¡C¨Ì¾Ú³o¶µStarkªk¡A¥¦­Ì¸T¤î¥ÑÂå®vÂश¦Ü¸ÓÂå®v©Î¨ä®a±Ú¦¨­û¡A¾Ö¦³©Ò¦³Åv§Q¯q©Î°]°ÈÃö«Y¤§ÂåÀø¹êÅ餺ªº¦UºØÂà¶E (Miller and Hutton 2000, 198)¡C¥t¤@¶µÄ³ÃD¡Ðºò«æÂåÀø±ÏÅ@¡Ð¬O±M¬ìÂå°|»PªÀ°Ïºî¦XÂå°|¶¡ªºª§Ä³®Ö¤ß¡C


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