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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GK.W. Barr and C.L. Breindel, "Ambulatory Care," Health Care Administration: Principles, Practices, Structure, and Delivery. © 1995, Aspen Publishers, Inc.

 

 

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        ¥þ¬ìÂåÀøªºÂå®v¬O¼Ú¬w¦a°Ï³Ì±`¨£ªº°ò¼hÂåÀø´£¨ÑªÌ¡C¦b¬ü°ê¡A°ò¼hÂåÀøªº°õ·~Âå®v¤£¨ü­­©ó¥u¨ü¤@¯ë»P®a®xÂåÀø¹ê°È°V½mªºÂå®v¡C°ò¼hÂåÀøªº´£¨ÑªÌ¥]¬A¡G¨ü¹L¤º¬ì¡B¤p¨à¬ì»P°ü²£¬ì°V½mªºÂå®v¡C¦ý¬O¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¯à»{¬°³o¨Ç¦UÃþ«¬ªº°õ·~Âå®v¦b´£¨Ñ°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°È¤W¨ü¨ì¦Pµ¥ªº°V½m (Starfield 1994)¡C°£«DÂå¾Ç°V½m­p¹º¬O°w¹ï´£¨Ñ°ò¼hÂåÀø±Ð¾Ç¦Ó³]­pªº¡A§_«hÀ³¸Ó¦³¬Û·í¤jªº®t²§ (Noble et al. 1992)¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦b°õ·~Âå®v¶¡²£¥Í¤@¨Ç±M¬ìÂå®v¬O§_À³¸Ó´£¨Ñ°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°Èªºª§Ä³»PÄvª§¡C¯S§O¬O®a®xÂåÀøªº±M·~¥Nªí¤º¬ì¦b´£¨Ñ¦¨¤H°ò¼hÂåÀø¤W¡B¥H¤Î¤p¨à¬ì¦b¨àµ£ÂåÀø¤Wªº¬D¾Ô¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥Ø«e¦b¤@¨ÇºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø²Õ´ (MCO) ¤º¤xí©w¦a«Ø¥ß°_®a®xÂåÀøªº¨¤¦â (Petersdorf 1975)¡C´N¦p²Ä4³¹©Ò°Q½×ªº¡A­È±oª`·Nªº¬O«DÂå®v°õ·~ªÌ (NPP) ¦b°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°È¤¤¤]§êºt¬Û·í¤jªº¨¤¦â¡CŲ©ó·U¨Ó·U±j½ÕÂåÀø¦¨¥»ªº¹K¨î¡A¦b°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°ÈÅé¨t¤¤¡A·¥¬°»Ý­nÂåÀø¤è­±ªº¤H­û¡A¥]¬A¡GÅ@²z°õ·~¤H­û¡BÂå®v§U¤â¡B»P¦³ÃÒ·ÓªºÅ@²z§U²£¤h¡A¯S§O¬O¥¼¨ü¨ì­«µøªºÂå¾Ç»â°ì¡C°£¤F¹F¨ì§ó¦³®ÄªºÂåÀø¡AÃÒ¾ÚÅã¥Ü·U¦h¤H¼Æªº°ò¼hÂåÀø±M·~¤H­û´N·|²£¥Í¸û§CªºÂåÀø¤ä¥X (Welch et al. 1993)¡C±qÂåÀø¸É§UºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø²Õ´ªº¸ê®Æ¤¤¡A¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¬Û¸û©ó¨ü¨ì¶Ç²ÎÂåÀøªº¯f±w¡A±qÅ@²zºÞ²zÂåÀø¤¤¤ßªºÅ@²z°õ·~¤H­û¨ú±o·ÓÅ@ªº¯f±w´X¥G«Ü¤Ö³Q°e¨ì«æ¶E«Ç¡B©ÎªÌ¦í°|¡B©Î»Ý­n±M¬ìÂå®vªºªA°È¡A¦P®É¡A¥Í¨ì¦­²£¨àªº­·ÀI¤]¸û§C (National Nursing Centers Consortium 2003)¡C

 

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        ¦b¦³·U¨Ó·U¦hÂå¾Ç°|²¦·~¥Í¿ï¾Ü°ò¼hÂåÀø§@¬°Â¾·~ªºÁͶդU¡AÂà¶E¤]¸òµÛµo¥Í¡C¦Ó³o­ÓÁͶդxÁÍ©ó¥­²H¡A¬Æ¦Ü¶}©l´î¤Ö¡CBlock»P¦P¨Æ (1996¦~) »{¬°Âå¾Ç¾Ç³N³æ¦ì²{¦sªº¤å¤Æ¡B»ù»P±Ð¨|¹ê°È«ÜÃø¹F¨ì´£ª@°ò¼hÂåÀø·~°Èªº±Ð¨|»PÀô¹Ò¤§¥Ø¼Ð¡C¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó­ì¦]´N¬O¦bÂå¾Ç°|ªºÁ{§É»â°ì¤W¡A±M¬ìÂå®v»P¦¸±M¬ìÂå®v¤´¦û¦h¼Æ¡A³o¬O¨ü¨ì°¾¦V°ò¼hÂåÀøªº­t­±¤å¤Æ©Ò¼vÅT¡C¤]³\Âå¾Ç°|¨S¦³­«¤j§ïÅܤU (¨Ò¦p¡G¸u¥Î¥HªÀ°Ï¬°¥Dªº¥þ¬ìÂå®v§@¬°°ò¼hÂåÀøªº¦Ñ®v¡B¨¤¦â¼Ò½d»P­Ò¾ÉªÌ) «ÜÃøÁB¥¿³oºØ±¡ªp (Petersdorf 1993; Roos and Roos 1980)¡C¦b¬ü°ê»Ý­n«Ø¥ß¦b°ò¼hÂåÀø¤§°ò¥Û¤Wªº°·¥þÅé¨t®É¡A¤£©¯¦a¡A¶Ç²Î¥Íª«Âå¾Ç»PÂå¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº»ù­È¤´µM¤@ª½±j½Õ»Pª¾ÃÑ»P°V½m¼s«×¬Û¤Ïªº±M·~¤Æ¡B»P¼vÅT°·±d¤§ªÀ·|¤Î±¡ºü¦]¯À¬Û¤Ïªº¥Íª«¦]¯À¡B¥H¤Î»Pªù¶EÂåÀø»P°V½m¬Û¤Ïªº¦í°|ªA°È (Block et al. 1996)¡C

 

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04.43            µÃ¹D¯g­Ô¤â³N                             3.93                         76                            X                       ¡K

06.39            ¨ä¥L³¡¤À¥Òª¬¸¢¤Á°£³N             1.09                         39                            X                       ¡K

13.19            ¥Õ¤º»Ù¤ô´¹ÅéºK°£³N                 20.14                       97                            X                       ¡K

20.01            ´¡ºÞ¹ª½¤¤Á¶}³N                         13.60                       70                            X                       ¡K

23.19            ©Þ¤ú¤â³N                                     18.56                       80                            X                       ¡K

28.3              «ó®ç¸¢¤Á°£³N/¸¢¼ËÅé¤Á°£³N    13.07                       48                            X                 ·~°ÈÅÜ°Ê

44.00            °g¨«¯«¸g¤Á°£³N                         1.15                         49                            ¡K                ¨ú¥N

44.15            ¶}©ñ¦¡­G¤Á¤ùÀˬd                     7025.00                   74                            ¡K                ¨ú¥N

48.23            ºë½Tª½¸z¤Aª¬µ²¸zÃèÀˬd         22.40                       67                            X                 ¨ú¥N

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58.6              §¿¹DÂX±i³N                                 13.49                       49                            X                       ¡K

62.5              Áô¸A¯g¸A¤Y©T©w³N                     1.18                         46                            X                       ¡K

63.1              ºëÅnºë¯ÁÀR¯ß¦±±i¤Á°£³N         2.10                         61                            X                       ¡K

67.12            ¤l®cÀV¤Á¤ùÀˬd                         13.25                       86                            X                       ¡K

67.2              ¤l®cÀV´Õ§Î¤Á°£³N                     3.25                         76                            X                       ¡K

67.39            ¤l®cÀV·l®`¯}Ãa³N                     1.64                         70                            X                       ¡K

69.09            ¤l®c¨í°£³N                                 35.06                       79                            X                       ¡K

72.1              §C¦ì²£¹X³±¹D¤Á¶}³N                 26.87                       52                            ¡K                ·~°ÈÅÜ°Ê

77.59            ¤j³k°©©³³¡¤Á°£³N                     5.28                         50                            X                       ¡K

80.16            ¨ä¥LÃö¸`¤Á¶}³N¡X½¥»\             3.85                         66                            X                       ¡K

80.6              ½¥¥b¤ë³n°©¤Á°£³N                     8.61                         68                            X                       ¡K

82.21            ¤â³¡¸xÀT·l®`¤Á°£³N                 2.32                         90                            X                       ¡K

85.12            ¶}©ñ¦¡¨Å©Ð¤Á¤ùÀˬd                 4.70                         49                            X                       ¡K

85.21            ¨Å©Ð·l®`§½³¡¤Á°£³N                 6.01                         67                            X                       ¡K

86.21            ÂäòÅn¸~©ÎÂäòÄu¤Á°£³N         1.94                         57                            X                       ¡K

86.23       «ü¥Ò©Þ°£³N                                  1.42                         49                            X                       ¡K

86.3              ¨ä¥L¥Ö½§§½³¡¯}Ãa³N©Î¤Á°£³N 11.14                 49                             X                       ¡K

86.51            ÀY¥Ö¦A´Ó³N                                 1.99                         72                            ¡K                     ¨ä¥L

87.59            Áx¹DX¥ú                                     42.02                       92                            X                 ¨ú¥N

87.62            ¤W®ø¤Æ¹D¾X¾¯Äá¼v³N                 73.58                 68                             X                 ¨ú¥N

87.73       ÀR¯ßµÇª»³y¼v³N                          57.97                 71                                                ¨ú¥N

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GPublic heantl Reports, Vol. 110, No. 6, P. 667, 1995, Journal of the US Public health Service.

 

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        ´X¦~¨Ó¡AÂåÀøÅé¨t»PÂåÀøªA°È©Ò´£¨ÑªºªÀ·|Àô¹Òµo¥Í´X­ÓÅãµÛªº§ïÅÜ¡C¦]¬°³o¨ÇÅܤơA³\¦hÂå°|ªº¦í°|³Qµø¬°¨S¦³«O»Ù¡CÄõ¼w¤½¥q®Ú¾Ú1974¦~¦Ü1982¦~ªºÂå°|°O¿ý¼Ë¥»©Ò°µªº¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A³z¹Lªù¶E¥~¬ìªº§Q¥Î¤x´î¤Ö17%ªº¦í°|²v (Siu et al. 1986)¡C´X¶µÃöÁä©Êªº§ïÅܹï¦í°|»Pªù¶EªA°È¶¡ªº¥­¿ÅÂàÅܦ³­«¤jªº¼vÅT¡C³o¨Ç¦]¯À¥i¼sªx¦a¤ÀÃþ¬°¡G®Ö¥I¡B§Þ³N¦]¯À¡B¨Ï¥Î²v±±ºÞ¦]¯À¡BÂå®vÂåÀø·~°È¦]¯À¡B¥H¤ÎªÀ·|¦]¯À¡C

 

 

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        ¦b1980¦~¥N¤¤´Á¡AÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¥H«e¤©Ê®Ö¥I¨î«× (PPS) ¨ú¥N¦¨¥»¥[¦¨¨î«×¥H®Ö¥I¦í°|Âå°|ªA°È (½Ð°Ñ¾\²Ä6³¹)¡C¥H¶EÂ_¬ÛÃö¸s°£¬°°ò¦ªºPPS®Ö¥I§@¬°´£¨ÑÂå°|¥H¯f¨Ò¬°¥Dªº©T©wµ¹¥I¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡Aªù¶E³¡ªù´N¨S¦³µ¹¥I­­¨î¡A¦]¦¹¡AÂå°|´N¦³±j¯Pªº°Ê¾÷´î¤Ö¦í°|¯f±wªº¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¡A¨Ã´£¨Ñ¦bªù¶Eªº³sÄò©ÊªvÀø¡C¬°¤F§í¨î¦p«B«á¬Kµ«¦¨ªøªºªù¶E³¡ªù¦¨¥»¡A¦b2000¦~®É¡AÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¬I¦æ«e¤®Ö¥I¾÷¨î¡A¨Ò¦p¡G°w¹ïÂå°|ªù¶E³¡ªù©Ò´£¨ÑªA°ÈªºÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºªù¶E«e¤©Ê®Ö¥I¨î«× (OPPS) ¡B¥H¤Î°w¹ï©~®a·ÓÅ@ªº©~®a·ÓÅ@¸ê·½¹ÎÅé (HHRG)  (½Ð°Ñ¾\²Ä¤»³¹)¡C

 

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GVHA Inc. and Deloitte & Touche, 1997 Enfironmental assessment: Redesigning health care for the millennium, Irving, TX: VHA Inc.; SMG, 2000 Report and directory: Medical group practices, Chicago, IL: SMG Solutions.


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        ¦b1999¦~¡A¬ù¦³76%ªº«Dª×§ÉÂåÀø°Ý¶E¬O¦bÂå®v¶EÀø«Ç¤¤°õ¦æ¡C¹Ï7-4Åã¥ÜÂåÀø¶EÀø«Ç¡BÂå°|¬°¥Dªºªù¶E³¡ªù¥H¤ÎÂå°|ED¶¡ªºÁ`«Dª×§É°Ý¶Eªº¤À°t¡C¦³½ìªº¬O¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥Hµo²{Âå°|¦b¨ú±oªù¶EªA°Èªº¥«³õ¦û¦³²v®É¦³©úÅ㪺¶i®i¡C

 

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        ¦b¤£¤[¥H«e¡AÂå°|±M®aÁÙÂƵø³£¥«Âå°|ªºªù¶E³¡ªù¡Cªù¶E³¡ªù±`³QÂåÀø¾÷ºc§N¸¨¡A¤]³Qµø¬°Âå°|¤º³Ì¤£¨üÅwªïªº»â°ì (Knowles 1965)¡C¥D­n¦]¬°³£¥«»P¶mÂí¬F©²Âå°|©Ò¸gÀç¡B©Î¦ì©ó³£·|¤¤¤ßªºÂå°|ªù¶E¶E©Ò¥D­n¬O¬°³h¥ÁªA°È¡A

 

 

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GNational Center for Health Statistics, US Depertment of Health and Human Services. Statistical Abstracts of US, 2001, P. 108.


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        ªù¶EªA°È¥Ø«e¬OÂå°|§Q¼íªº¥D­n¨Ó·½¡C¦]¦¹¡AÂå°|ÂX®i¦Û¤vªºªù¶E³¡ªù¡A¨Ï¥Î²v¤]´£¤É (½Ð°Ñ¾\¹Ï7-4)¡C³o¶µÁͶլOÂåÀø²£·~¤¤±j«lÄvª§©Ò³y¦¨ªºµ²ªG¡A¦bÂåÀø²£·~¡A±j½Õ¹w¨¾©Ê»Pªù¶EÂåÀøªºMCO¤£Â_¶i¦æ«d´î¦¨¥»ªº¤u§@¡C¥Ñ©óÂå°|¬Ý¨ìªù¶E¦¬¤J¤£Â_¦a³Q«I»k¡A©Ò¥H¥L­Ì¶}©l¾ã¹y¨ÃÂX®iªù¶EªA°È¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L­Ì¶}©lª§¨ú¨º¨Ç°¾¦n¨p¤HÂå®v¶EÀø«Ç¨Ã¥[¤J¨p¤H«OÀIªº¯f±w¡C¦h¦~¨Ó¡A¯Ã¬ù¥«ªº¨©´µ¥H¦â¦CÂå°|¤£Â_§V¤O¥H¥«°Ï¤º¸û¦³Åv«Âªº¾Ç³NÂåÀø¤¤¤ß¨Óª§¨ú¯f±w¡C1996¦~®É¡AÂå°|¦b°{Ä£ªº«Ø¿v¤º¦¨¥ßµá§Q´¶´µ«Dª×§ÉÂåÀø¤¤¤ß¡A³o´É«Ø¿vª«¬Ý°_¨Ó´N¹³Âå¾ÇÁʪ«¤¤¤ß¡AùØ­±«h¬OµÎ¾Aªº¶EÀø«Ç¡B¬Á¼þ±c¹õªº»¨µØµ¥­Ô«Ç¡A±qµ¥­Ô«Ç¬Ý¥X¥h´N¬O¤@­Ó¦³Âr¥¬³y´ºªº¤¤®x¡AÁÙ¦³¶W¬ì§ÞªºÀˬd«Ç (Fen 1996)¡C¸Ó¤¤¤ß´£¨Ñ¥þ¤è¦ìªºªù¶EªA°È (±q°ò¼hÂåÀøªA°È¨ì50¦hºØ¤£¦Pªº²{³õ¶EÂ_ªA°È) ¡BÀù¯g¤¤¤ß¡B«Dª×§É¤â³N¡B¯á´Õ¾Ç°|¡B¥H¤Î°·±d¹Ï®ÑÀ] (Phillips Ambulatory Care Center 2000)¡C

 

        ¥ÑÂå°|©Òµo®iªº³sºD©Ê¦í°|»Pªù¶EªA°È´£¨ÑÂåÀøªA°È¶¡ªº¥æ¤eÂà¶E¾÷·|¡A¨Ï¯f±w¯à¦b¬Û¦PªºÂåÀøªA°ÈÅé¨t¤¤¨ú±oÂåÀø¡C¦P®É¡A´£¨Ñ¦í°|»Pªù¶EªA°ÈªºÂå°|¥iÂǥѱN¤â³N«á¯f¨ÒÂश¦Ü¨äªþÄÝ´_°·»P©~®a·ÓÅ@°lÂܾ÷ºc¨Ó¼W¥[¦¬¤J¡C¨ú±o¦UºØÃþ«¬ªù¶EªA°Èªº¯f±w¦¨¬°Âà¦^Âå°|¦í°|ÂåÀøªº­«­nÂश¨Ó·½¡C¦]¦¹¡AÂå°|¥iÂX®i¦Û¤vªº¯f±w°ò¦¡C¦b«eĺ©Ê»P½×¤H­p¹Sªº®Ö¥I¤èªk¤U¡A¯f±w·U§Ö¥X°|´N·|²£¥Í³\¦h©µÄòªù¶EªA°Èªº¥«³õ¡C¦bºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀøªº¦w±Æ¤U¡A­Y¦b°·¥þªº³sºD©Ê¤U¨Ó´£¨Ñ©Ò¦³¥²»ÝªºÂåÀøªA°È®É¡A«h´N¯à¹F¨ì§ó¦nªº¸gÀٮįq¡A¦Ó¤£ºÞ¦í°|»Pªù¶E¨âªÌ©Î¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ¬O§_¥H½×¤H­p¹S§@¬°®Ö¥I¤è¦¡¡C

 

        ¦b1985¦~¤§«e¡A¥þ¬ü°êªÀ°ÏÂå°|ªºªù¶EÂåÀø¦û©Ò¦³Á`¯f±w¦¬¤J¤§¤ñ¨Ò§C©ó15%¡C³o­Ó¤ñ¨Ò²{¦b¤x¼W¥[¦Ü¬ù35%¡C¦b1996¦~¦Ü2000¦~¶¡¡AÂå°|ªù¶E¦¬¤J¦¨ªø¤F54.4%¡A¦Ó¦í°|¦¬§@«h¶È¦¨ªø¤F32% (Health Forum 2002)¡C¦bªù¶EªA°È´£¨Ñ·U¨Ó·UÄvª§ªº±¡ªp¤U¡AÂå°|»PÂå°|Åé¨t¤]¤£Â_¦a¦¨¥ß¿W¥ßªº«Dª×§ÉÂåÀø³]¬I (½Ð°Ñ¾\¡y¿W¥ß³]¬I¡z)¡C¦b¥HÂå°|¤Î«DÂå°|¬°°ò¦ªº³]¬I¤¤¡A¹B°ÊÂåÀø¡B°ü¤k°·±d¡B¥H¤Î¬~µÇ³£¬O¥L­Ì±M·~ªA°È¶µ¥Øªº¨ä¤¤´X¶µ¡C³\¦hÂå°|¤]µo®i°·±d«Å¾É/¯e¯f¹w¨¾¥H¤Î°·¨­­p¹º¡A§@¬°ªÀ°Ïªº©µ¦ùªA°È¡C


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        ¦æ°Ê¶EÂ_ªA°È¥]¬A¨Å©ÐX¥úÄá¼v»P®ÖºÏ¦@®¶³y¼v (MRI)¡C³oºØ¦æ°Ê³æ¦ì¥i¨ì¤p«°Âí¤Î¶m§øªÀ°Ï´£¨Ñ¥ý¶iªº¶EÂ_ªA°È¡C¨ã¦³¹ï¯f±w¤è«K¤Î¦b´£¨Ñ¶EÂ_ÀøªA°È¥i¸`¬Ù¦¨¥»ªºÀuÂI¡C¨ä¥Lªº¿zÀ˪A°È¥»½è¤W¬O¤ñ¸û°ò¥»ªA°È¡C¿zÀ˨®¤W¦³¨ü¹L°V½mªº±M·~¸q¤u¡A¥Ñ«DÀç§Q²Õ´©Ò¸gÀ窺¿zÀ˨®³q±`¥i¥H¦b¤j«¬¦Ê³f¤Î¶°·|³õ¦X¤¤¬Ý¨ì¡C³q±`¡A¨C­Ó¤H³£¥i¥HÀH¨ìÀH¨ú±o¦UÃþªº°·±d±Ð¨|»P°·±d«Å¾É¥H¤Î¨­ÅéÀˬd (¨Ò¦p¦åÀ£»PÁx©T¾JÀˬd) µ¥ªA°È¡C

 

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        ¦b©~®a·ÓÅ@½´«kµo®i«e¡A³XµøÅ@²z®v¨ó·| (VNA) ´N¦b¯f±w®a¤¤´£¨ÑÅ@²z»P¨ä¥LªA°È¡A³Ì¦­¡AVNA¬O¦b1885¦~¤Î1886¦~®É¦¨¥ß©ó¤ô¤û«°¡Bªi¤h¹y»P¶O«°¡C²{¦b¡AVNA¥u¦û©Ò¦³ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º©Ò»{ÃÒ¤§¾÷ºcªº6%¡C

 

        ¦b1989¦~ªºªk«ß¶D³^«á¡AÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¤¤¦³Ãö©~®a·ÓÅ@ªº³W©w§ó¬°©ú½T¡A³o¨Ï±oÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¨ü¯q¤H¯à§ó®e©ö¨ú±o©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°È¡C


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­Y¯f±wµLªkÂ÷¶}®a¤¤®É¡A¯f±w¦³Åv¨ÌÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¨ú±o³o¨ÇªA°È¡A¨Ã¾Ö¦³Âå®v©Ò´£¨ÑªºªvÀø»P©w´Á¦^¶E¤è®×¡A§ó¥i¥H½Ð¨D¶g´Á©Ê©Î³¡¤À®É¶¡ªº±M·~Å@²z»P´_°·ªvÀø (Waid 1998)¡C

 

        ¨å«¬¤W¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°È¥]¬AÅ@²z·ÓÅ@ (¨Ò¦p§ó´«¦çª«¡BºÊ±±ÃĪ«¡B¥H¤Î´£¨Ñ¨N¯D¨ó§U) ¡Bµu´Á´_°· (¨Ò¦p¡G¨­ÅéªvÀø¡B¾¯àªvÀø»P»y¨¥ªvÀø) ¡B®a¨ÆªA°È (¨Ò¦pÀ\¶¼·Ç³Æ¡BÁʪ«¡B¥æ³q»P¤@¨Ç¯S©wªº®a®xÂø°È) ¡B¥H¤Î¯S©wÂåÀø¥Î«~»P³]³Æ (¨Ò¦p¡G¾ÉºÞ¥Î«~¡BÂå°|¯f§É¡B®ñ®ðµ©¡B§U¨B¾¹»P½ü´È)¡A³o¨Ç¯S©wÂåÀø¥Î«~»P³]³Æ²ÎºÙ¬°­@¤[©ÊÂåÀø³]³Æ (DME)¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤£¬O©Ò¦³©~®a·ÓÅ@¾÷ºc³£·|´£¨Ñ¤W­z©Ò¦³ªA°È¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@¾÷ºc³q±`¦³³d¥ô¦w±ÆDME¡A¦ý¨p¤HªºDME¤½¥q¨Æ¹ê»Ú³£¦³¨ÑÀ³³o¨Ç³]³Æ¡C

 

        ¨Ì¾ÚÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@µ¹¥I¤£¥]§t¥þ¤Ñ­ÔªºÅ@²z·ÓÅ@¡B­¹ª«¡B¦å²G»PÃĪ«¡C±q1980¦~¥Nªì´Á°_¡A±M·~ªº°ª¬ì§Þ©~®aªvÀø¤]¶}©lÂX®i¡A¦b³o¤§«e¡A³o¨ÇªA°È¥i¯à¥u¦³Âå°|¤~·|´£¨Ñ¡A¤W­zªº±M·~ªA°È¥]¬AÀR¯ß§Ü¥Í¯À¡B¸~½FªvÀø¡B¦å²G³zªR¡BÀR¯ß»P¸z¹DÀç¾i¡B¥H¤Î©I§l·ÓÅ@ (Evashwick 1993)¡C¹ï©ó±M·~ÂåÀøªA°È¡A©~©wÂåÀø§ó¨ã¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¡A¨Ã¥i´£¤É¯f±wªº¥Í¬¡«~½è¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A©~®a¦å²G³zªR¦¨¥»¤j¬ù¬OÂåÀø¤¤¤ß³zªR¦¨¥»ªº1/3¡A¯S§O¹ï©ó¦~»´¯f±w¡A¿ï¾Ü¦b®a¶i¦æ¬~µÇ¨ã¦³§ó¤jªº¦Û¥D©Ê»P¼u©Ê¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¦b±ß¤W¶i¦æ¬~µÇªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A³o¨Ï¤H­Ìºû«ù´N·~ª¬ºA¡C¦P®É¡A¦b³\¦h±¡ªp¤U¡A¥i¥H¸`¬Ùªá¦b¨Ó©¹¬~µÇ¤¤¤ßªº®É¶¡ (Stahl 1997)¡C¤@¶µ¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¦bªÍ¯f±M¬ìÂå®v¹Î¶¤ºÞ²z±w¦³¥½´ÁºC©Êªý¶ë©ÊªÍ¯e¯f (COPD) ªº¯f±wÂåÀø¦Ó´î¤Ö¨Ï¥ÎÂå°|¡B«æ¶E«Ç»P±M·~Å@²z³]¬Iµ¥¸ê·½®É¡A¨C¦ì¯f±w¥­§¡¥i¥H´î¤Ö¶W¹L13,000¬ü¤¸ªº¦¨¥» (Steinel and Madigan 2003)¡C

 

        1998¦~ªº©~®a·ÓÅ@»P¦w¹çÀø¾i½Õ¬dµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¦b1998¦~®É¦³7,600,000¤H¤f¨ú±o¥¿¦¡ªº©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°È¡C¹Ï7-6»¡©ú³o¨Ç¯f±wªº¤H¤f²Î­p¯SÂI¡C

 

        ¥Ñ©ó¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½ªº®t²§¡A©Ò¥H¡A¥þ°êªº©~®a·ÓÅ@¤ä¥XÃø¥H­pºâ¡A

 

 

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GNational Center for Health Statistics, 1998 National Home and Hospice Care Survey.


¡@

¦ý¬O¡A¬ü°ê°·±d·ÓÅ@°]°È§½ªº¦ô­p (2001¦~) Åã¥Ü¦b2001¦~®É¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@ªºÁ`¤ä¥X¬°413»õ¬ü¤¸¡A¬ù¦û¬ü°êÁ`ÂåÀø¤ä¥Xªº3%¡A¨ä¤¤¡A¦³332»õ¬ü¤¸ (80%) ªº¤ä¥X»P«DÂå°|ªº©~©wÂåÀø¾÷ºc¦³Ãö (Levit et al. 2003)¡CÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¬O©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°Èªº³Ì¤j³æ¤@µ¹¥IªÌ¡C¦b2000¦~®É¡A¥¦©Ò´£¨Ñªº¸êª÷¬ù¦û©~®a·ÓÅ@¤ä¥Xªº26%¡A¤ä¥Iµ¹©~®a·ÓÅ@¾÷ºcªº´Ú¶µ¦]1997¦~ªº¥­¿Å¹wºâªk®×¦Ó¤j´T«d´î¡C¦]¦¹¡A2001¦~®É¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@¤ä¥X¦ûÁ`ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¤ä¥Xªº4%¡A¬Û¸û©ó1997¦~ªº9%¡C¦b1997¦~®É¡A¬ù¦³350¸U¦W°Ñ¥[ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºªº¤H¨ú±o½×¶q­p¹Sªº©~®a·ÓÅ@¡A¤H¼Æ¬O1990¦~®Éªº2­¿¡C±q1997¦~°_¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@µ¹¥Iªº¨Ï¥Î´N¤j´T´î¤Ö (National Association of Home Care and Hospice 2001)¡C

 

        ³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º°w¹ï©~®a·ÓÅ@ªºµ¹¥I¥i¤À¬°¤T¶µ¡G¦U¦{¨ÌÁp¨¹©R¥O¶·´£¨Ñªº¶Ç²Î©~®a·ÓÅ@µ¹¥I¡B¥H¤Î­Ó¤HÂåÀø¿ï¾Ü»P©~®a©ÎªÀ°Ï±óÅvªº¤T¶µ¿ï¾Ü­p¹º¡A³o¤TºØ©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°ÈÁöµM¥u¬O©Ò¦³³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºµ¹¥I¤¤¸û¤pªº³¡¤À¡C¦ý«o«ùÄò¦¨ªø¤¤¡A¦b1998¦~¡A¬ù¦³12.5%ªº³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹ºµ¹¥I´Ú¬O¤ä¥Iµ¹©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°È (National Association of Home Care and Hospice 2001)¡C

 

        ¦UºØ¨p¤Hµ¹¥IªÌ¤]§Æ±æ±NÂå°|¦í°|ÂåÀøªº°ª¦¨¥»´î¦Ü³Ì§C¡A¨ÃºÉ¥i¯à¦a¿ï¾Ü©~®a·ÓÅ@ªA°È¡A¨p¤H©~®a·ÓÅ@±qºÞ²z¦¡ÂåÀø²Õ´¤¤¨ú±o·U¨Ó·U¦hªº¸êª÷¡C¦]¦¹¡A©~®a·ÓÅ@¤£¦A¬O°w¹ï¦Ñ¦~¤H©Ò´£¨Ñªºªø´Á©~®a·ÓÅ@¡AÁöµM¦Ñ¦~¤HÁÙ¬O©~®a·ÓÅ@ªº³Ì¤j¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡C

 

        ¨Ì¥­¿Å¹wºâªk®×©Ò¬I¦æªº®Ö¥Iª÷ÃB«d´î¹ï©ó©~®a·ÓÅ@²£·~¦³­«¤jªº¼vÅT¡C¦b1997¦~»P2000¦~¶¡¡A¬ü°êªº©~®a·ÓÅ@¾÷ºc¼Æ±q15,069´î¤Ö¦Ü13,067¶¡ (Hoechst Marion Roussel 1999; Aventis Pharmaceuticals 2001)¡CÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º©Ò»{ÃÒªº¾÷ºc¤¤¦³30%¬O¥HÂå°|¬°¥D¡A40%¬°±MÄݾ÷ºc¡A¦Ó³Ñ¤Uªº24%«h¬°¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªº¾÷ºc¡C¹Ï7-8»¡©ú³o¨Ç©~®a·ÓÅ@ªº¦¬¤J¨Ó·½»P¥­§¡¤À°t¡Cªí7-3»P7-4«h¬°¨ä¥L²Î­p¡C

 

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Á`µ¹¥Iª÷ÃB=366»õ¬ü¤¸

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary, National health Expenditures: 1980-2010.


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 ±MÄÝ                                53.9              46.1              47.1              23.0              38.4              39.1              26.7

 §ÓÄ@©Ê«DÀç§Q               36.2              45.4              44.2              73.0              54.3              53.2              69.9

 ¬F©²»P¨ä¥L                   9.9                8.5                8.7                4.1                7.4                7.6                3.9

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 ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º               84.3              84.0              84.8              96.6              42.9              92.8              93.9

 ³h¥ÁÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º                 85.1              85.1              84.8              92.3              89.3              89.3              90.0

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 «n³¡                                42.0              33.9              33.4              44.6              25.9              25.9              33.3

 ¦è³¡                                15.5              10.22.2004   9.7                20.8              13.5              13.5              25.1

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GUS National Center for Health Statistics, Statistical Abstracts of the United States, P. 115, 2001.

 

 

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        ¦w¹ç (Hospice) ¤@µü¬O«ü°w¹ï¹w´Á¥Í©R¶È³Ñ6­Ó¤ë©Î§ó¤Öªº¥½´Á¯f±w©Ò´£¨Ñªº¦UºØºî¦X©ÊªA°È¡C¶W¹L¤@¥bªº¦í°|¯f±w³£³Q¶EÂ_±w¦³Àù¯g¡C¦w¹ç­p¹º´£¨ÑªA°È¥H³B²z««¦º¯f±w¤Î¨ä®a¤Hªº¯S§O»Ý¨D¡A¥¦¬O¤@ºØÂåÀø¤èªk¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@­ÓÂåÀø³õ©Ò¡A¦P®É¡A¤£½×¯f±w©~¦í¦b¦ó³B¡A¦w¹çªA°È³£¯à´£¨Ñµ¹¯f±w»P¨ä®aÄÝ¡C¦]¦¹¡A·í¦w¹çªA°È¬O¦b¯f±w®a¤¤´£¨Ñ®É¡A¦w¹ç¥iºâ¬O©~®a·ÓÅ@ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦b¨ä¥L±¡ªp¤U¡A¦w¹çªA°È¥i¥H¦bÅ@²z¤§®a¡B°h¥ð¤H­û¤¤¤ß¡B©ÎÂå°|´£¨Ñ¯f±wªA°È¡A¦w¹çªA°È¤]¥i¥H±qÂå°|¡BÅ@²z¤§®a¡B¿W¥ßªº¦w¹ç³]¬I¡B©Î©~®a·ÓÅ@¾÷ºc¤¤¨Ó¦w±Æ¡A³o¥|ºØÃþ«¬ªº¦w¹ç·~°È¶O¥Î¥i¥H§@¬°¨C¤@ºØ³]¬I©Ò´£¨ÑªºªA°È¶q«ü¼Ð (½Ð°Ñ¾\¹Ï7-9)¡C

 

        ¦w¹ç±N¯f±w»P¨ä®aÄݵø¬°ÂåÀø³æ¦ì¡C¦w¹çÂåÀøªº¯S®í©Ê½è¥]¬A (Miller 1996) ¡G

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GHealth, United, States, 2002, PP. 248, 249, National Home and Hospice Care Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Care Statistics.

 

 

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©~®a·ÓÅ@/SNF/Âå°|/¿W¥ß³]¬I

 

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2002.

 

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           °ü²£¬ì                                                   65,135                   7.9                                    23.8

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           45·³¦Ü64·³                                        128,564                   15.6                                    4.1

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           45·³¦Ü64·³                                        88,219                   10.7                                    3.0

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GAdvance Data, No. 328, PP. 10-12, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for health Statistics, June 5, 2002.

 

 

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³ïÄV¬ÛÃö¯f¯g                                                                                                                 17,519

¥Ö½§¯l¤l                                                                                                                         13.365

µø¤O¤£¨}                                                                                                                         12,965

½¥»\¯f¯g                                                                                                                         12,533

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°·¨àÀˬd                                                                                                                         12,457

­Gµh¡B¸¡³¡µ±µh»PµjÅË                                                                                               12,275

ÃĪ«ªvÀø¡B¨ä¥L¤Î¤£¯S©wºØÃþ                                                                                  11,424

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µo¿N                                                                                                                                             8,801

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¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GAdvance Data, No. 328, P. 16, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for health Statistics, June 5, 2002.

 

 

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